Dog sibling syndrome. Only one dog may be dependent on the other.

Dog sibling syndrome com, Inc. Nov 26, 2023 · Dogs may also become more aggressive towards other dogs, especially when not properly socialized. Littermate Syndrome Presents With Hyper Attachment; 2. 2 Nov 10, 2023 · Attachment to the sibling to an unhealthy degree. In extreme cases, rehoming might be considered. " This often creates two dogs that feel better amongst each other than with their owner. In this article, we will delve deeper into what Dog’s Sibling Syndrome is, its causes, signs and symptoms, its impact on a dog’s behavior and well-being, how to overcome it, and practical tips for owners dealing with this syndrome. Nov 12, 2024 · While littermate syndrome isn’t a scientific term, it’s a widely recognized concern. Here are a few possible symptoms of littermate syndrome: The dogs Littermate syndrome can develop between any 2 dogs of similar age. The Reality of Puppy Sibling Rivalry. Dog Siblings: Two Littermate Syndrome Dogs Learn Boundaries. Though the term Nov 12, 2024 · Sibling rivalry is also known as dog-on-dog aggression, littermate syndrome, or interdog aggression. We’ll talk about the fear-based issues next. The Litter-mate Syndrome. Only one dog may be dependent on the other. Mar 17, 2015 · The concept of two is better than one, doesn’t usually apply to getting puppies. The bond between the dogs becomes primary to the bond with the owner, so the dogs become less obedient to the owner. Sep 20, 2023 · Littermate syndrome is a term that describes unwanted behaviors among sibling dogs, including aggression and intense attachment. This community is geared towards modern, force-free, science based methods and recommendations. You've probably known of sibling dog pairs who lived long and happy lives in the same household. Aug 15, 2022 · The term littermate syndrome in dogs refers to behavioral issues in puppy siblings or unrelated puppies of the same age. Aug 6, 2024 · Dogs from the same litter do not always get along, despite the familiarity. This subreddit is a great starting point for a lot of information, but you should always verify and expand upon what you've read from reputable sources before putting it to use in your daily life. Dogs with Littermate Syndrome may develop separation anxiety when separated from their littermate. Sep 13, 2024 · Bringing home two puppies from the same litter may seem like a delightful idea. It looks like we don't have any news for this title yet. Stephanie Vichinsky of Method K9 is an Idaho dog trainer who specializes in fear, anxiety, reactivity, and aggression training for dogs, and she shared a video in mid-December 2023 explaining the dangers of littermate syndrome. What Causes Sibling Rivalry Between Dogs? Rivalry can take place between two dogs unrelated living within the household; sibling rivalry refers to rivalry that happens between two dogs from the same litter that are Jun 18, 2023 · In some cases, when two puppies from the same litter or dogs raised together in close proximity develop an unusually strong and dependent bond, it can lead to a phenomenon known as “sibling syndrome” or “littermate syndrome. ” A professional dog trainer or behaviorist should be able to identify the problems and help you with solutions to address them. Oct 7, 2021 · Littermate Syndrome (also known as Littermate Aggression or Sibling Aggression) is a series of behavioral issues that arise when two or more puppies from the same litter/same age are raised together. k. Address Littermate Syndrome effectively with our specialized treatment plan. Oct 17, 2024 · any two dogs that are 6 months or younger and raised together can develop Littermate Syndrome! What’s the worst that could happen? The worst unfortunate outcome of sibling syndrome in puppies is the fact that both dogs’ communication skills and cognitive abilities remain underdeveloped. Good communication between the dogs is actually helpful to avoid serious fights. So from my understanding of littermate syndrome, it’s typically when dogs are raised together, so I’d think not that exactly. Jul 24, 2021 · One important factor to consider is that, despite its name, sibling syndrome in dogs may also affect puppies who aren't from the same litter. Here you'll find content that will help you train your dogs. There are subtleties to tail position that an experienced dog person can interpret, but for most people just assume that dog with the wagging tail is excited. ” Aug 16, 2023 · IMDb is the world's most popular and authoritative source for movie, TV and celebrity content. Most dogs, like most people, are fairly well-balanced individuals. As with any dog behavioral issue, what you perceive as sibling rivalry may have any number of underlying causes, and it shouldn’t be brushed off as simply “littermate syndrome. They may dislike any dog that isn’t their sibling. Mar 1, 2023 · Signs that your dog may be affected by Littermate Syndrome. It can happen with same-sex siblings when the dominant dog bullies the submissive one. But as fun as the overload of cuteness may seem at the start, there can be drawbacks to adopting puppy siblings at the same time, including the risk of littermate syndrome – or the development of a sibling bond that is so strong, it can cause anxiety and aggression in dogs. Behavior specialist and author Nicole Wilde recalls a case in which two nine-year-old sibling Huskies attended her group class. There is no such thing as “sibling rivalry” in the human sense among canines. Does breed play a role in sibling aggression? Jun 27, 2023 · While most dogs exhibiting symptoms of littermate syndrome are siblings adopted from the same litter, two unrelated puppies who were raised together can also develop it. Sep 28, 2023 · Since littermate syndrome is common and can cause unwanted behaviors, potential dog owners should avoid raising two puppies at the same time. " Littermate Syndrome, also sometimes called Sibling Aggression or Littermate Aggression, can cause behavioural problems in dogs of a similar age who are raised together. Find ratings and reviews for the newest movie and TV shows. Aug 8, 2024 · The 9 Facts About Littermate Syndrome in Dogs. In some cases the two dogs fight incessantly. The term littermate syndrome describes the believed underdevelopment and explosively aggressive behavior which can occur when pup siblings, aka littermates, are raised together. May 20, 2020 · In fact, dogs that go home with their siblings often struggle with aggression issues more than dogs who are raised without a “sibling” – whether or not they’re actually related. Two Dogs Play Fighting (Playing Rough) These DIY dog grooming tutorials show you how to do everything yourself, step by step. Be the first to contribute. It is best to separate your dog from their siblings at the appropriate age and get them a non-blooded related friend later on. ), taken to dog parks to learn to play with other dogs, and meets new people on his own as well. Jan 4, 2024 · If you've ever heard of 'littermate syndrome', then you know that this is a bad idea. Feb 18, 2024 · The only thing more exciting than bringing home a new puppy? Bringing home two new puppies. It begins between two dogs who fight repeatedly and is often caused by jealousy (particularly by one dog towards the other), competition for resources, and shared space. If you have multiple dogs who are not related and they are displaying these signs, the behavior is probably not caused by littermate syndrome, but instead by social isolation or boredom. Sibling Rivalry. Remember that littermate syndrome is not a dog simply acting out. There are a few symptoms to look for that may indicate your dog is suffering from this syndrome. Here’s what you should know before adopting sibling puppies. Though it is debated whether the condition of sibling puppies fighting and displaying aggression is a ‘syndrome’, many pet-parents report problems amongst puppies from the same litter. It can affect any breed of dog and has various signs such as excessive crying, whining, destructive behavior when separated from their siblings, or fear of unfamiliar people Do dogs have to be siblings to develop littermate syndrome? Not always; we just see it more in pairs of siblings that are adopted and raised in the same household. What is littermate syndrome? What Is Littermate Syndrome? Littermate syndrome describes a behavioral condition when puppies of the same age bond too closely with each other, affecting how they act with other dogs and even their owners. — Medically reviewed by Dr. First, let’s investigate the aggression that is often reported as a risk of raising sibling dogs together. A dog with littermate syndrome fails to get this Aug 10, 2023 · Some dog siblings may adjust better than others, but the risk of littermate syndrome is heightened when two puppies from the same litter share the same living space. Learn how to tell the difference. Nov 8, 2023 · Littermate syndrome, also known as ‘sibling rivalry’, is a behavioral issue in which sibling puppies interfere with each other’s ability to interact with others. Jul 11, 2023 · My advice is to make an honest assessment of the behaviour, and compare your dogs behaviour to what ‘normal’ should look like. When dogs are young the rivalry seems cute and harmless but as they get older it can become quite serious for both dogs. /r/dogs is a place for dog owners of all levels of knowledge, skill, and experience to discuss various topics related to responsible dog ownership. Because many sibling pups are only socialized with each other, they may develop aggression or fear towards other dogs. Can Sibling Syndrome be Treated? Yes, with proper training and socialization, the effects of Sibling Syndrome can be mitigated. Animals New monster-sized subspecies of world's deadliest spider discovered in Australia. sibling syndrome in dogs refers to a variety of canine behavioral problems that arise when two puppies, often siblings, are adopted at the same time. These DIY dog grooming tutorials show you how to do everything yourself, step by step. Cute Dog Just Wants To Play With Sibling Puppy. You Can Manage Littermate Syndrome; 6. This is also known as sibling syndrome in dogs and occurs when puppies are raised in the same household beyond 8–10 weeks of age. It is often used to describe behavioral issues that occur when two or more dogs from the same litter are raised together and adopted into the same home. Apr 11, 2021 · Remember, codependency is the root cause of all behavioral issues related to littermate syndrome. Due to the potential for sibling syndrome in dogs, in general ethical breeders, shelters and rescues don't advocate releasing two puppies at once unless the owners meet some specific qualifications (experience, time, financial resources, ideal settings). Armstrong. But when those pups are siblings from the same litter, problems such as littermate syndrome can pose challenges to the puppies' social development. These are my 2-year-old dogs playing together. Dr. Keeping two dogs together from the same litter should not be done to avoid a phenomenon called “littermate syndrome”. Feb 18, 2024 · What’s the only thing more exciting than bringing home a new puppy? Bringing home two new puppies. This term refers to the behavioral issues that can arise when sibling dogs are too dependent on each other. Written by Kristen Bobst & Beth Ann Mayer & Rachael Monson. Aug 7, 2022 · It is unclear whether a dog can recognize another dog as their sibling specifically – dogs don’t have the same sense of “family” as we humans do. After about eight to ten weeks, a puppy is ready to start its journey to adulthood. Oct 4, 2023 · I will explain litter syndrome and the risks of sibling puppies fighting when raising similar-aged Pomeranian Puppies. Traditionally, puppies are removed from their siblings and their mothers at around 8 weeks of age in order to join their forever homes. This can help in mitigating the symptoms of littermate syndrome and ensuring more rounded, sociable, and well-behaved dogs. The dog-dog relationship will not be improved if you scold, punish or hold down a dog as punishment; in fact you may make it worse by punishing the dog for signaling and communicating their aggressive intentions. Thomas says littermate syndrome can affect any breed and even affect two unrelated dogs. Dogs With Littermate Syndrome Are Anti-Social and Fearful; 3. For example, dedicating one-on-one time with each puppy for training and socialization activities can help them build Jul 16, 2018 · Littermate Syndrome Issue 3: Inter-Dog Aggression Especially among same-sex siblings, fighting can become severe, even dangerous, as they reach maturity. Numerous breeders, trainers, dog behaviorists, and shelters actively discourage adopting siblings or even two dogs of the same age. Littermate syndrome causes dogs to not go through their normal developmental process and takes a huge amount of work to overcome once it is present. Two Dogs Play Fighting (Playing Rough) Feb 18, 2024 · What’s the only thing more exciting than bringing home a new puppy? Bringing home two new puppies. Sep 16, 2023 · There is no scientific evidence of “single kitten syndrome,” which is also known as “Tarzan Syndrome. What's the issue with that? In many documented cases owning multiple dogs from the same litter results in behavioral issues in these dogs. In this podcast, LWDG Founder Jo Perrott discusses with LWDG Experts DogTraining: A forum on dog training and behavior. Two Dogs Play Fighting (Playing Rough) Mar 13, 2017 · Tufts Animal Behavior Clinic Head Stephanie Borns-Weil, DVM, has always had two dogs in her home since she was 13 years old. Reply reply More replies May 15, 2022 · If you have more than one dog in your household, then you may be familiar with the term "littermate syndrome. Littermate syndrome in pet dogs: An indirect view through research. But, if you were also to adopt two pups close to around the same age, littermate syndrome can also develop. Aug 20, 2024 · Littermate syndrome is a behavioral condition that occurs when two siblings from the same litter become too reliant on one another. Littermate syndrome can take toll on a family, especially with kids. Littermate syndrome often ends with rehoming one of the pup May 8, 2018 · This is a common issue among dogs who were adopted after another dog, and what I call “2nd dog syndrome”. Wagging tail means the dog is excited. takes no responsibility for the These DIY dog grooming tutorials show you how to do everything yourself, step by step. Ideally, pups should be separated from their mama dogs and siblings at 12 weeks Jul 18, 2013 · Cohabitating siblings may become so emotionally dependent on each other that even short separations provoke extreme distress. Throughout her life she has seen these dogs provide companionship for each other and grieve when their close friend passes on, yet later develop a good relationship with their next sibling. Some breeders and shelters are opting out of placing siblings together. This term refers to an entire host of behavioral problems that generally tend to present when dog (canine) siblings are raised in the same family. That said, dogs have an uncanny ability to recognize dogs and humans for years after they last saw them. Oct 31, 2024 · Will a third dog help with littermate syndrome? Some say that having a third dog – not a puppy, but an older dog – can help avoid littermate syndrome. Siblings often play hard, and fight harder. The first dog gets walked alone, gets exposed to the world (even taken to friend’s houses and restaurants, etc. Sibling aggression. Littermate Syndrome can have long-term effects on the behavior and well-being of dogs. After all, they’ll have each other for companionship and play. SIBLING SYNDROME What is sibling syndrome? Sibling or Littermate Syndrome is a fancy name for one family adopting 2 or more dogs of the same age, usually from the /r/dogs is a place for dog owners of all levels of knowledge, skill, and experience to discuss various topics related to responsible dog ownership. There’s something called “sibling syndrome” or “littermate syndrome” that applies to puppies that are raised from young puppyhood in the same household. ” This behavioral condition can cause significant challenges for both the dogs […] Dec 27, 2023 · Two dogs are twice the fun for most pet parents (and twice the work). Jun 30, 2024 · So-called “littermate syndrome,” or littermate dependency, refers to certain behavioral issues that occur when two puppies from the same litter are raised together. However, what many dog owners don’t realize is that raising littermates can lead to a phenomenon known as “Littermate Syndrome. Not every set of sibling dogs is guaranteed to deal with littermate syndrome, but there’s not a clear indicator of which dogs are likely to have littermate syndrome or not. IMDb. Might be excited at the prospect of cuddles, the prospect of a friendly game, or the prospect of a chase and kill. Dogs with littermate syndrome may: The Fun Times Guide started in 2004 as a simple blog by Jim and Lynnette Walczak, sharing their experiences, travels, and money-saving tips. The severity will vary between different households and the sibling puppies that are chosen, from cases that are hyper-bonded […] Dec 19, 2022 · Littermate syndrome, also known as sibling syndrome, happens when two or more pups form unhealthy codependency. Dog training links, discussions and questions are encouraged and content related to other species is welcome too. Littermate Syndrome Can Lead to More Fighting; 4. Mar 30, 2012 · Signs include fearfulness of unfamiliar people, dogs and other novel stimuli (neophobia); intense anxiety when separated even briefly; and difficulty learning basic obedience skills. Spotting littermate syndrome in dogs These DIY dog grooming tutorials show you how to do everything yourself, step by step. The adult dog may follow the sibling constantly, become aggressive toward other dogs that approach the sibling, and be unwilling to eat, play, or interact when separated. Here’s what you need to know about littermate syndrome in dogs: What is Littermate Syndrome in Dogs? Littermate syndrome, or littermate dependency, is a non-scientific term for the relationship between siblings in the same litter. There's a longstanding theory that when sibling dogs are raised together, problems can develop. Sibling Syndrome The Quirky Dog. Here are some of the possible effects that can occur: Separation Anxiety. However, many dog owners in Melbourne and beyond may be unaware of a common issue known as Sibling Syndrome, or littermate syndrome, that can arise when two puppies from the same litter are raised together, or when two pups of similar age are raised together. As a result, they don’t learn how to communicate Littermate syndrome a. Ian Dunbar and I discussed raising sibling dogs. Will Littermate Syndrome Occur with all Sibling Dogs? The short answer Dec 6, 2024 · Join us in learning more about sibling rivalry, along with seven tips on how to remedy the situation of sibling rivalry in dogs. Dec 7, 2023 · But many dog trainers, breeders, and shelters say that it’s much better for everyone involved if you add just one puppy at a time to your family, helping you avoid a range of behavioral issues, Apr 13, 2023 · Littermate syndrome is a term sometimes used to describe sibling rivalry or extreme attachment between dogs. At that point you aren’t simply asking a dog not to be bad, you are trying to socialize them long after their “socialization Sep 19, 2022 · Littermate syndrome is a label given to behaviors seen in puppy siblings who are raised together but don’t exactly get along — but it’s not backed by science, just anecdotal evidence. It's mostly for litter mates, but it can occur in dogs who are may not be biological siblings but are close enough in age to reflect it. Jun 20, 2023 · This pattern is believed to occur with any pair of puppies or dogs that are raised together at the same time, whether they are siblings or not. Mar 19, 2023 · Sibling rivalries among dogs with littermate syndrome isn’t common, but it does occur. It Can Lead to Severe Separation Anxiety; 5. Sometimes "rough play" can look like dog jealousy or dog aggression. The suggestion that growing up with a sibling generates confusion, competition and conflict over one’s place in a social hierarchy can only have arisen from previous thinking in line with the outdated and thoroughly debunked “dominance theory”. Littermate syndrome aggression isn’t a common trait, but it’s a serious one. Dec 28, 2018 · Many dog behavior experts agree it’s a bad idea to bring home a pair of puppies from the same litter “Littermate syndrome” is based on anecdotal evidence that often two siblings adopted together bond intensely with each other, to the exclusion of their human family Puppies with littermate syndrome often suffer from intense separation anxiety One of the main issues that owners of sibling puppies must deal with is the possibility of the puppies bonding too much, often referred to as "littermate syndrome. Behaviour around other dogs. a. Now you are aware of the possible problems that can arise when dog siblings are raised together. Here's what behavioral experts say about this issue, and what to know about adopting sibling dogs. Do all dog siblings raised in the same household develop littermate syndrome? These DIY dog grooming tutorials show you how to do everything yourself, step by step. I believe the usual age gap is 6 months and under for this syndrome to possibly occur, but I feel it's safer to have at least a year age gap between dogs. In these cases, the dependent dog may just follow the lead of the other. Don’t worry—you can still have a multiple-dog household if you want to. Bruce D. Sep 13, 2023 · What is Littermate Syndrome? Littermate syndrome is the term used to describe various troublesome behaviors that arise with the challenges of raising sibling dogs together. She earned her Bachelors Degree in English from Cornell University in 2013, and became a licensed veterinary technician in New York in 2017. Dogs are always on a situation-by-situation basis, but some symptoms might indicate whether a pair of pups are dealing with these issues. Jan 21, 2024 · What is sibling syndrome? Sibling or Littermate Syndrome is a fancy name for one family adopting 2 or more dogs of the same age, usually from the same litter. Sep 22, 2024 · Cons of Adopting Sibling Dogs Littermate Syndrome. Over lunch recently, veterinarian and dog behaviorist Dr. Sometimes, these differences are not even. Aug 15, 2024 · Dog training is an essential part of raising a well-behaved, happy dog. In theory, the sibling puppies bond with the older dog as well as each other, which may help them develop better social skills. If two puppies from the same litter are always fighting or seeking dominance over one another, this could be a sign of Littermate Syndrome. See how to trim dog nails, clean dog ears, brush dog teeth, give your dog a bath, brush dog hair, and more! Plus dog mom hacks and tips for dealing with pet fur & shedding, pet stains, and dog odors — in an attempt to keep your house clean. Here, "siblings" means two puppies from the same litter or of similar age that are acquired at the same time (even if they are from different litters). Aug 16, 2019 · Littermate Syndrome, Litter Mate Syndrome, The problem with littermates, When littermates fight, dog siblings, adopting sibling dogs, littermates fighting, littermate aggression, littermate problems, littermate issues, Sibling Syndrom 1 day ago · The dog is believed to have suffered a stroke in 2023 and subsequently showed signs of severe vestibular syndrome. Higher likelihood of being surrendered or returned to a shelter due to inability to live happily as a single dog. Some siblings manage to live together without issues. One of the biggest concerns when adopting sibling dogs is the risk of littermate syndrome. Littermate Syndrome Feb 25, 2023 · Alternatively, dogs with littermate syndrome might show aggression toward one another, more than non-siblings would. Any two puppies adopted and raised together — or within 6 months of each other — may be at risk for developing these behaviors. Jan 31, 2023 · Not every pair of canine siblings will suffer from littermate syndrome. 1. Apr 25, 2020 · If you have sibling pups that have been misbehaving (or you’re considering training two puppies from the same litter together), read on to learn everything you need to know about littermate syndrome in dogs. The age gap between dogs is a significant factor, with dogs that are less than 6 months apart being more likely to develop aggression towards each other. Competiton, dependancy. May 18, 2023 · If you choose two sibling puppies, then you could face challenges due to littermate syndrome. Tailored for sibling dogs, our program focuses on behavioral balance and harmony. May 10, 2021 · The good news is that littermate syndrome awareness is on the rise. She grew up training and showing dogs, and is active in a variety of dog sports. Assess excitement, energy levels, ability to relax. But as fun as the overload of cuteness may seem at the start, there can be drawbacks to adopting puppy siblings at the same time, including the risk of littermate syndrome, or the development of a sibling bond that is so strong, it can cause anxiety and aggression in dogs. However, it’s common enough that almost all reputable dog behaviorists, trainers, breeders, and shelters discourage homing siblings together. Jul 2, 2024 · Kate Basedow, LVT is a long-time dog enthusiast. “In situations where problems do occur with housemate dogs, the logic is circular,” Christ told The Dodo. Dogs With Littermate Syndrome Should Spend Mar 28, 2024 · It’s also important to socialize the puppies with other dogs and people, allowing them to experience a world beyond their sibling. Look objectively at what you have, with the knowledge of how littermate syndrome may impact your dogs behaviour. Can Sibling Jan 4, 2024 · The only thing more exciting than bringing home a new puppy? Bringing home two new puppies. Once again, we would strongly encourage that you only get one dog at a time, getting a second a year or two later. Littermate syndrome describes the relationship between littermates, often referring to sibling attachment or rivalry. Unpredictable dog behavior. Get personalized recommendations, and learn where to watch across hundreds of streaming providers. Feb 7, 2023 · What we do know is littermate syndrome doesn’t develop every single time two puppies are raised together. However, they do say any dog raised with someone longer than 16 weeks old, they do typically remember, so it could be that there were issues within that time frame that were left tense with them. Yet if owners are in a situation where they are raising a pair, owner intervention is preferred to help deter those unwanted behaviors, as long as owners can commit to the process. Just because they don't warn you, doesn't mean that it isn't a real thing. The concept of littermate syndrome is a topic of discussion among dog trainers, shelter personnel, breeders, and other animal professionals. But as fun as the overload of cuteness may seem at the start, there can be drawbacks to adopting puppy siblings at the same time, including the risk of littermate syndrome, or the development of a sibling bond that’s so strong, it can cause anxiety and aggression in dogs. There has been anecdotal evidence that behavior problems may occur during the main periods of Littermate syndrome is the acquiring of two (2) puppies from the same litter that often leads to them becoming very aggressive to eachother down the road, placing family members in harms way. To understand why dog sibling aggression occurs, it's essential to consider the factors that contribute to it. Littermate syndrome can manifest as aggression, separation anxiety, or difficulty in training. Aug 12, 2022 · Littermate Syndrome (additionally known as Littermate Aggression or Sibling Aggression) is a non-medical anecdotal term. What is Sibling Syndrome in Dogs? Sibling Syndrome is a condition where dogs that grow up together form an unhealthy bond, resulting in behavioral issues. This is why many do not warn owners of the potential dangers of littermate syndrome. In the latest “Ask a Trainer” question, we’re helping a reader troubleshoot the sibling rivalry between his two teenage dogs. Littermate syndrome is a condition where two puppies who live together form a very strong bond that interferes with their normal behavior and social development. May 29, 2023 · Littermate Syndrome (also knows as Sibling Aggression or Littermate Aggression) is a non-scientific anecdotal term that refers to a whole host of behavioral issues that tend to present when canine siblings (Littermates) are raised in the same household beyond the normal 8 to 10 weeks of age, when puppies are usually … Jan 19, 2024 · When it comes to managing and addressing littermate syndrome in sibling puppies, prioritizing individual training, socialization, and independence-building is crucial for the development of healthier and well-adjusted dogs. Nov 5, 2024 · Long-Term Effects of Littermate Syndrome. Punishment should be avoided. ” Still, many homing centers and several feline behaviorists believe that if a kitten under 12 weeks of age is adopted by themselves without a sibling or additional cat of the same age then they could develop this condition. It has grown into a network of 32+ niche websites covering a wide range of topics, from household DIY to coin collecting. Just be sure to consider timing, temperament, and the age that each dog enters your home. pdow nawffv kupn zdzhl dek yggkcg qovdc gypcmr ijfce fwym